Brain-eating amoeba: what is important to know about the risk in the Israeli summer
The rare amoeba loves heat and humidity, and can develop in natural environments such as lakes and springs. An expert explains how it works, what allows it to thrive in fresh water, and what simple safety rules can reduce the risk without giving up safe water recreation.
The Israeli summer invites you to spend time in the water — in the pool, in the sea, in streams and springs. On particularly hot days, bathing becomes an integral part of the family routine. Along with the pleasure and cooling, it is important to also know about relatively rare risks, including the amoeba Naegleria fowleri, also known as the brain-eating amoeba.
First of all — proportions. This is an extremely rare infection. The risk of infection is very low, but when it occurs, the disease is severe and sometimes fatal, so it is important to be aware of the phenomenon. The amoeba Naegleria fowleri lives in fresh and warm water — lakes, streams, springs and water reservoirs. Heat conditions, which are intensifying due to climate change and global warming, allow it to thrive.
Infection occurs in rare cases when contaminated water enters the nose, most often during jumping, diving or swimming. From there, it can reach the brain and cause a severe and life-threatening infection. According to data published by the CDC and the Cleveland Clinic, the phenomenon is extremely rare but has a high mortality rate. In the United States, 167 cases have been documented since 1962, and of these, only four have survived.
It is important to know that there is no reliable way to identify in advance water sources where the amoeba is present, and the absence of reports does not guarantee that the water is clean. Infection does not occur from drinking water, but only when water enters the nose, so there is no risk associated with swallowing. The risk increases mainly with a combination of warm, stagnant or shallow water, especially during long hot seasons. Experts note that avoiding the stirring up of sand and sediment at the bottom of the water can also reduce possible exposure, since the amoeba may be found in these areas.
How to protect yourself?
To reduce the risk of infection with the Naegleria fowleri amoeba, you can adopt a few simple safety rules:
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Avoid water entering the nose, especially while jumping or diving. Experts recommend using nose clips or making sure to plug the nose when entering the water in natural places.
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Avoid submerging the head in natural hot springs, where conditions may be more suitable for the development of the amoeba.
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Choose supervised bathing sites and pools that undergo regular disinfection and monitoring, where water quality is maintained.
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In natural water sources, choose known places and follow the instructions of local authorities and the Ministry of Health.
After being in the water, pay attention to unusual symptoms such as fever, severe headache, nausea or vomiting, and inform a medical professional if there has been recent exposure to a natural water source. The signs of the disease appear initially as symptoms of a normal viral illness, but can worsen rapidly, so it is important to seek medical examination in case of unusual symptoms.
Remember, there is no need to avoid bathing. Swimming and spending time in the sea, in pools and in streams are part of the Israeli summer and are a healthy and enjoyable activity. With awareness, attention and adherence to simple safety habits, you can enjoy them safely.
Dr. Dana Dror is a specialist in internal medicine and infectious diseases at Clalit, Jerusalem District.
